Preposition "in, on, and at"

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

We use:

• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES

at	in	on
PRECISE TIME	MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS	DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock	in May	on Sunday
at 10.30am	in summer	on Tuesdays
at noon	in the summer	on 6 March
at dinnertime	in 1990	on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime	in the 1990s	on Christmas Day
at sunrise	in the next century	on Independence Day
at sunset	in the Ice Age	on my birthday
at the moment	in the past/future	on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:

• I have a meeting at 9am.
• The shop closes at midnight.
• Jane went home at lunchtime.
• In England, it often snows in December.
• Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
• Do you work on Mondays?
• Her birthday is on 20 November.
• Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

Expression	Example
at night	The stars shine at night.
at the weekend	I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter	I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time	We finished the test at the same time.
at present	He's not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

in	on
in the morning	on Tuesday morning
in the mornings	on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s)	on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s)	on Monday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

• I went to London last June. (not in last June)
• He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
• We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

Descriptive Text

The aim of descriptive text : to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.

Text Structure

- Identification : Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described

- Description : Gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts,   qualities, or characteristics.

 Grammatical Features :

- Who? What?

- Using lingking verb and simple present tense

- Epithet : adjective or adjective phrase

- Attributive (the)

- Use of attributive and identifying process

Example Of Descriptive Text :

Identification 

My Pets

We have three family pets : a dog, a cat, and a tortoise

Descriptions

- The Dogs name is Benjamin. He is golden lambrador. He is beautiful. He has big brown eyes and a long tail. He is very friendly dog, but he is sometimes a little stupid. Dogs are expensive to keep bubt the yare fun to play with

- Our cat is named Martha. She is quite young, but she is not a kitten. She is very pretty. She has black and white for and green eyes. She’s smart, too and very clean.

- The tortoise’s name is Rocky. He has short, fat legs a long neck, and a very hard shell. He is also very old and slow. He’s ugly and dirty, but I like him

Gratitude, Compliment and Congratulation

Ø      Gratitude

Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people, when speaking English, you say “thanks” very often please say “thank you” when people give you something and give you compliment, etc.

Thanking

- Thank you very much

- Thank you for you help

- I’m really very grateful to you

- You’re welcome

- Don’t mention it

- I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)

Ø      Compliment

Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliment to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example :

- On his/her general appearance

- If you notice something new about the person’s appearance

- When you visit someone’s house for the first time

- When other people do their best

Ø      Complimenting

- What a nice dress!

- You look great

- I really must express my admiration for you dance

- Excellent!

- Nice work

- Good Job

Ø      Congratulation

Congratulation is an expression that we use the give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something

- Congratulation

- Congratulations

- Congratulations on your succeeds

- Happy Birthday

- Merry Christmas

- Happy New Your

- Happy Valentine

- Happy Anniversary

Ø      Responding Someone’s Expression

What is the response if someone congratulates you?

What do you if someone gives you a compliment : “congratulation!” you say” thank you, that’s very land of you”

 is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something- Congratulation

Ø      Responding The Expressions

What is your response?

- How was your meeting?

- How was your party?

A. Giving The Congratulation

- Let me congratulate you

- Good

- That’s great!

- How fortunate

- Pretty Good

B. Replying To The Congratulations

- Thank You

- Thank, I needed that

- That’s very kind of you

C. Surprising

- Oh, it was very interesting! I want to the sea world

- It was fun! Went out with my classmate

Read carefully the dialogue below then practice with your friends

Rosa : How was your school party, Zenny?

Alia : It was fun! We sony song and danced

Offering

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Nia                   : Would you like a cup of tea, Mr, Owyedz?

Mrs. Owyendz: Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells    fragrant too.......

Nia                   : thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Ways to say it

• Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr Green?
• Should I get you a bottle of water?
• Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
• Would you care some salad?

Ofering to friends:

• Want some?
• Have some?
• Chocolate?
• Grab some for yourself 

Less formal expressions:

• Would you like to have a pancake?
• Why don't you have some lemonade?
• What can I get for you?
• What will you have?

Declining an offering 

• No, thanks.
• No, really won't, thanks
• Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:

• Thank you.
• Yes, please
• I'd like it very much 
• That would be very nice 

Asking if someone remember or not

Formal expressions:

Ø      I wonder if you remember.....

Ø      You remember...., don’t you?

Ø      You haven’t forgotten...., have you?

Ø      Don’t you remember.....?

Ø      Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:

Ø      Let me think, yes, I remember.

Ø      I remember especially the scenery.

Ø      I’ll never forget that

Ø      I’ll always remember.

Ø      I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:

Ø      Remember the old house we used to live in?

Ø      Remember that?

Ø      I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:

Ø      Hold on. Yes, got it!

Ø      I know.....

Ø      It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:

Ø      Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.

Ø      I’m affraid I forget.

Ø      I really can’t remember.

Ø      I’m afraid I have no memory of him

Ø      Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.

Ø      Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example..

It was Sunday morning, wati got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.

Mother             : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?

Wati                 : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry

Mother             : You remember Sunday, don’t you?

Wati                 : Oh, my goodnes. I thought it’s a school day !

Vocabs around the hOuse

Lets study about vocabs arround the house

 

 Other Rooms

Attic	People store things in the attic.
Ballroom	A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room	A small room used for storage.
Cellar	Underneath the house.
Cloakroom	A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory	A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room	A room where people eat.
Drawing Room	A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room	A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall	The entrance passage to a house.
Larder	A small room used for the storage of food.
Library	A room where books are kept.
Lounge	Another name for living room.
Music Room	A room where people play music.
Office	A room where people work.
Pantry	A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour	Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room	Another name for living room.
Spare Room/ Guest Room	A room where guests sleep.
Toilet	A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room	A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.

Things you may find around the house

yupppp... udc tw Phm blummmmmm.........

Introductory It

When the subjective is an infinitive phrase

We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)

Ø      It is easy to learn English. (= To learn English is easy.)

Ø      It is easy to find fault with others. (= To find fault with others is easy.)

Ø      It is difficult to know his motive. (= To know his motive is difficult.)

Ø      It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.

Ø      It is dangerous to play with fire.

Ø      It could be dangerous to drive so fast.

Note that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.

Ø      To err is human. (OR It is human to err.)

Ø      To become a well known writer was his life-long ambition. (OR It was his lifelong ambition to become a well known writer.)

Ø      To invest all your money in shares is foolish. (OR It is foolish to invest all your money in shares.)

When the subject is a gerund phrase

When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’

Ø      It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the anager won’t be any good.)

Ø      It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)

Ø      Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good)

Ø      It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)

Note that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.

It won’t be any good for me to complain to the manager.

It is silly (for you) to throw away this opportunity.

Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?

Asking for Information

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

• Could you tell me...?
• Do you know...?
• Do you happen to know...?
• I'd like to know...
• Could you find out...?
• I'm interested in...
• I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

• I'm calling to find out...
• I'm calling about...

Simple Future

The definition of future tense

The future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future.

The simple future is used :

Ø      to talk about things that will happen at a time later than now.

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

FORM Will

[S + will + verb1]

Examples:

Ø      You will help him later.

Ø      Will you help him later?

Ø      You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To

[S + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb]

Examples:

Ø      You are going to meet Sarry tonight.

Ø      Are you going to meet Sarry tonight?

Ø      You are not going to meet Sarry tonight.

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Examples:

Ø      I will send you the information when I get it.

Ø      I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.

Ø      Will you help me move this heavy table?

Ø      Will you make dinner?

Ø      I will not do your homework for you.

Ø      I won't do all the housework myself!

Ø      I'm really hungry.

Ø      I'll make some sandwiches.

A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.

B: I'll get you some coffee.

A: The phone is ringing.

B: I'll get it.

USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise

"Will" is usually used in promises.

Examples:

Ø      I will call you when I arrive.

Ø      If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.

Ø      I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.

Ø      Don't worry, I'll be careful.

Ø      I won't tell anyone your secret.

USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan

"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.

Examples:

Ø      He is going to spend his vacation in India.

Ø      She is not going to spend her vacation in India.

A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?

B: We are going to meet at 7 PM.

Ø      I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.

Ø      Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.

Ø      They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.

Ø      Who are you going to invite to the party?

A: Who is going to make Jono's birthday cake?

B: Sue is going to make Jono's birthday cake.

USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.

Examples:

Ø      The year 2223 will be a very interesting year.

Ø      The year 2223 is going to be a very interesting year.

Ø      Anne Smith will be the next President.

Ø      Anne Smith is going to be the next President.

Ø      The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.

Ø      The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.

IMPORTANT

In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.

No Future in Time Clauses

Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.

Examples:

Ø      When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct

Ø      When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

Ø      You will never help him.

Ø      Will you ever help him?

Ø      You are never going to meet Jane.

Ø      Are you ever going to meet Jane?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

Ø      John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active

Ø      The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive

Ø      Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active

Ø      A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive

The Formula with verb sentence :

• Positive (+): S + will/shall + V1 + object

• Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + V1 + object

• Interrogative (?): Will/shall + S + V1 + object

 Example :

Ø      nhiya will visit tokyo(+)

Ø      Kajol will not visit India(-)

Ø      Will shasya visit china? (?)

• The formula with nominal sentence :

 Positive (+): S + will/shall + be +complement

 Negative (-): S + will/shall + not + complement

 Interrogative (?): will/shall + S + complement

Surprise and Disbeliefs

To express surprise!

- What a surprise!

- (Well), that’s very surprising!

- Really?

- What

- Are you serious? You must be joking!

- You’re kidding!

- Fancy that!

- I must say … surprises me

- I find that hard to believe

Example of expressing surprise

A : I can’t believe it!

B : That’s true

When you got a surprising fact, you can say:

- Do you know what

- Believe it or not

- You may not believe it, but

- Can you believe this?

You can respond to the surprising fact using these expression :

- Really?

- Are you joking?

- Oh?

- Where? Show me